Bacterial pneumonia associated with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens: Understanding epidemiology, resistance patterns, and implications with COVID-19

The ongoing spread of antimicrobial resistance has complicated the treatment bacterial hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated (VAP). Gram-negative pathogens, especially those with multidrug-resistant profiles, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., are an important culprit in this type infections. Understanding determinants pathogens causing is ultimately stressing, shadows COVID-19 pandemic, when lung infections considered a top priority that become urgent to revise. Globally, increasing prevalence these respiratory samples represents significant infection challenge, major limitations options poor clinical outcomes. This review will focus on epidemiology HAP VAP present roles patterns implicated (MDR) like carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), Enterobacterales (CRE), as well colistin-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales. While emerging from perspectives conclusions drawn findings caused by MDR bacteria patients COVID-19.